|
Pope Gregory X ((ラテン語:Gregorius X); – 10 January 1276), born Teobaldo Visconti, was Pope from 1 September 1271 to his death in 1276 and was a member of the Secular Franciscan Order. He was elected at the conclusion of a papal election that ran from 1268 to 1271 — the longest papal election in the history of the Roman Catholic Church. He convened the Second Council of Lyons and also made new regulations in regards to papal conclaves. Though briefly annulled by Pope Adrian V and Pope John XXI, these regulations remained in force until the 20th century,〔Pope Pius VI, in 1798, in consideration of the occupation of Rome by the French, dispensed the Cardinals from many of the conclave regulations, including those of Gregory X: (Pietro Baldassari, ''Relazione delle aversita e patimenti del glorioso Papa Pio VI negli ultimi tre anni del suo pontificato ''(Roma: Tipografia poliglotta del S.C. di Propaganda Fide, 1889) II, pp. 297-302). Pope Pius IX, in 1878, in fear that the Italians might invade the Vatican on his death and try to prevent or dominate a conclave, gave Cardinals great latitude in the regulating of the next conclave: Agostino Ceccaroni, ''Il conclavo'' (Torino-Roma 1901), pp. 85-129. The rule on bread and water was relaxed, and then ignored at nearly every conclave.〕 when they were altered by Pope Paul VI. Pope Clement XI beatified him in 1713 after the confirmation of his cultus. ==Early life== Teobaldo Visconti was born in Piacenza around 1210, the son of Uberto Visconti, whose brother Ottone was the Archbishop of Milan (1263-1295). It is said that he began his career by attaching himself to the household of the Cistercian Cardinal Giacomo de Pecorari, Bishop of Palestrina (1231-1244), who was also from Piacenza. He was attracted by the reputation of holiness which the Cardinal enjoyed; he had been elected abbot of the monstery of Trois-Fontaines in Champagne. Teobaldo became the Cardinal's Oeconomus or Majordomo, and was therefore in constant attendance.〔Pietro Maria Campi ''Dell' historia ecclesiastica di Piacenza'' II (Piacenza 1651), p. 155, quoting from manuscripts in the Cathedral library at Piacenza and at the Church of S. Antonino. Campi was a Canon of the Cathedral.〕 The Cardinal was Legate of Pope Gregory IX in Tuscany in 1235, in Lombardy in 1236-1237, and in Provence, France and Germany in 1239-1241. It was probably during the assignment in Provence that Teobaldo became known to important French clergy and laity.〔Campi, p. 163.〕 He was already Canon of the (Basilica of S. Antonino ) in Piacenza when he returned to Piacenza on business of the Cardinal in 1239.〔Campi. p. 167. The date of appointment as Canon is unknown, as is the patron. It may have been family influence, the influence of his uncle the Archbishop of Milan, or that of Cardinal Giacomo de Pecorari. In September, 1239, he is signatory to a contract drawn up by the Canons of the Basilica.〕 He then returned to the Cardinal, whose new assignment in France was actually to preach a crusade against Frederick II Augustus, the Hohenstaufen Emperor, who was again at war with Pope Gregory IX. Early in 1239, the Pope had again excommunicated the Emperor. Each had demanded an Ecumenical Council to settle their differences. The Pope was willing, but he planned that the council would meet under his auspices and in his territory. He would also bring to Rome all of the enemies of Frederick Hohenstaufen. Cardinal Oddo de Monferrato was sent to England. Cardinal Giacomo de Pecorari, who was a thorough enemy of Frederick, who had gobbled up all of Lombardy, was given the assignment of rallying France and seeing to it that as many bishops as possible, as well as leaders of French monasticism, reach Rome by Easter of 1241. It was at this point, in 1240, Teobaldo also became a Canon of the Cathedral of Lyons, at the request of the Canons made to Cardinal Giacomo de Pecorari when a vacancy in their number occurred.〔Campi, p. 169; Guiseppe de Novaes, ''Elementi della storia de'sommi pontefici da San Pietro, sino al Pio papa VII'' III (Roma 1821), p. 249.〕 But getting to Rome was the problem for those who would attend the Council. Frederick held Lombardy and Tuscany, and therefore land travel was impossible for his enemies. The kings of Bohemia and of Hungary refused to allow their clergy to make the journey. Travel by sea from France and northwest Europe was a special difficulty. Of necessity, this involved the ports of Nice and Genoa, which quickly became overcrowded. The two cardinals and the Papal Legate for northern Italy, Gregorio de Romanis, made it to Genoa, and despite dire warnings from the Genoese captains and government, they insisted on setting sail. Frederick's fleet met them on 3 May 1241, just off the tiny island of Giglio, where a fierce battle ensued. Frederick captured Cardinal Odo of S. Nicolai in Carcere and Cardinal Giacomo de Pecorara; the Archbishops of Rouen, Bordeaux, and Auxerre; the Bishops of Nimes, Carcassone, Agde, Pavia, Asti, and Tortona; the Abbots of Cluny, Citeaux, Clairvaux, Pietas-Dei and Fiscanensis; and Gregory de Romanis, the Papal Legate to Lombardy. They were sent to Naples and other cities in the south for imprisonment.〔Campi, p. 173.〕 Pope Gregory's ecumenical council never took place, and he died on 22 August 1241. Most of Frederick's prisoners were released fairly quickly, in what was portrayed as an act of generosity. Even Cardinal Odo of S. Nicolai was able to appear in Rome, on parole, in time for the Election of 1241.〔(The Sede Vacante and Conclave of 22 August--25 October, 1241 (Dr. J.P. Adams). )〕 Giacomo de Pecorara, however, remained the Emperor's captive until May of 1243. He died on 25 June 1244. Teobaldo Visconti was ill when the fleet sailed, and he remained behind in France, thereby providentially avoiding a sea battle, capture, and imprisonment.〔"Vita Gregorii X Papae," ab antiquissimo anonymo auctore scripta, in Ludovico Muratori ''Rerum Italicarum Scriptores'' Tomus tertius (Mediolani 1733), p. 599. This is the manuscript used by Campi. See also Pietro Maria Campi, ''Gregorii X. ex familia Vicecomitum Placentina pont. max V''ita (Rome 1655), p. 5〕 The search for a successor to Gregory IX took more than two months. And then, the new Pope, Celestine IV, who was old and ill, survived his election by only seventeen days. He died on November 10, 1241. The second electoral assembly of 1241—it was not yet a 'conclave'--did not take place for some time, however. The cardinals who were in Rome at the pope's death, having endured considerable mistreatment during the Vacancy of August 22 to October 25, which they did not want to endure again, scattered immediately.〔(The Sede Vacante and Conclave of 10 November, 1241--24 June, 1243 (Dr. J. P. Adams). )〕 Only a half-dozen of the twelve cardinals remained in the city. Cardinals Giacomo de Pecorari and Odo of S. Nicolai remained in the custody of Frederick II, though even he, disgusted at the procrastination, decided that a new pope was necessary and, in May 1243, released his two electoral prisoners. Even before Cardinal Giacomo had been released, though, Theobaldo hastened to Rome, and made every effort to procure the release of the cardinals held by the Emperor. Trying to get all the cardinals together in one place proved a daunting task. It was not until June of 1243 that all the Cardinals, assembled at Anagni and not in Rome, elected Cardinal Sinibaldo Fieschi of Genoa as Pope Innocent IV. In 1243, when the Bishop of Piacenza died, Pope Innocent IV offered the position to Archdeacon Teobaldo, he declined, preferring to follow in the company of Cardinal Giacomo.〔Muratori, p. 600.〕 Cardinal Giacomo, however, died in Rome on 25 June 1244. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pope Gregory X」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|